Past version: Effective from 01 Aug 2011 to 14 Aug 2011
| Issue Date | Cross Reference | Enquiries |
| 1 August 20111 August 2011 | Rules 8.2.1–8.2.3 | Please contact Market Control:— Telephone No : 6236 8840 |
1 Introduction
1.1 This Practice Note explains the application of the various market phases and the algorithm used by SGX-ST in computing the single price for the Opening Routine, Closing Routine and Adjust Phase.
1.2 Rule 8.2.1 says the trading hours and the application of the market phases are as published by SGX-ST.
1.3 Rule 8.2.2 says SGX-ST may vary the trading hours and application of the market phases.
1.4 Rule 8.2.3 sets out the various market phases.
2 Application of Market Phases
2.1 Summary of Market Phases
(1) Normal Day Trading
(2) Half-Day Trading
Amended on 1 August 20111 August 2011.
2.2 Opening Routine
(1) The Opening Routine is a 30-minute session before normal trading starts at 09:00 hours. It comprises the Pre-Open Phase and the Non-Cancel Phase.
(2) Pre-Open Phase (08:30 to 08:59 hours)
(a) Orders can be entered, reduced in quantity or withdrawn in the ready and unit share markets.
(b) Order quantity cannot be undisclosed in the ready market.
(c) The bid (offer) can be higher (lower) than the offer (bid).
(d) No matching of orders.
(3) Non-Cancel Phase (08:59 to 09:00 hours)
(a) No input, amendment and withdrawal of orders.
(b) Orders that can be matched are matched at a single price computed based on an algorithm set by SGX-ST. The computed price will be the opening price for the day.
(c) Unmatched orders are carried forward into the morning trading session.
2.3 Trading Phase
(1) The Trading Phase will be from 09:00 to 17:00 hours.
(2) The Trading Phase allows order entry, reduction in order size and withdrawal of orders. Orders are matched in the order of price priority followed by time priority.
(3) All unmatched orders after the Trading Phase are carried forward to the Closing Routine.
Amended on 1 August 20111 August 2011.
2.4 Adjust Phases
(1) An Adjust Phase operates upon the lifting of a suspension of a security or Futures Contract. A trading halt operates in the same way as an Adjust Phase.
(2) Upon Lifting of a Suspension
(a) The Adjust Phase sets in for 15 minutes. A longer time can be specified.
(b) Orders can be entered, reduced in quantity or withdrawn for the ready and unit share markets.
(c) Order quantity can be undisclosed in the ready market (subject to a minimum of 50,000 disclosed quantity).
(d) The bid (offer) can be higher (lower) than the offer (bid).
(e) Orders that can be matched will be matched at the end of the Adjust Phase at a single price computed based on an algorithm set by SGX-ST before normal trading resumes. Unmatched orders at the end of the Adjust Phase are carried forward into the phase of the market applicable when the Adjust Phase ends.
(f) However, this behaviour does not apply when the end of Adjust Phase coincides with the Opening Routine or Closing Routine. In these circumstances, orders entered are carried forward into and matched accordingly in the respective Opening Routine or Closing Routine.
(3) During a Trading Halt
(a) Existing orders remain valid.
(b) Orders can be entered, reduced in quantity or withdrawn in the ready and unit share markets.
(c) Order quantity can be undisclosed in the ready market (subject to a minimum of 50,000 disclosed quantity).
(d) The bid (offer) can be higher (lower) than the offer (bid).
(e) Orders that can be matched will be matched at the end of the trading halt at a single price computed based on an algorithm set by SGX-ST.
(f) Unmatched orders are carried forward into the phase applicable to the market at the time of lifting of trading halt.
(g) If the trading halt is not lifted by the end of a Market Day, all unmatched orders lapse.
Amended on 1 August 20111 August 2011.
2.5 Closing Routine
(1) The Closing Routine is a 6-minute session after trading stops at 17:00 hours for normal day trading, or 12:30 hours for half-day trading. It comprises the Pre-Close Phase and the Non-Cancel Phase.
(2) All unmatched orders are carried forward to the Closing Routine at 17:00 hours (for normal day trading) or 12:30 hours (for half-day trading).
(3) Pre-Close Phase (17:00 to 17:05 hours/12:30 to 12:35 hours)
(a) Orders can be entered, reduced in quantity or withdrawn in the ready and unit share markets.
(b) Order quantity cannot be undisclosed in the ready market.
(c) The bid (offer) can be higher (lower) than the offer (bid).
(d) No matching of orders.
(4) Non-Cancel Phase (17:05 to 17:06 hours/12:35 to 12:36 hours)
(a) No input, amendment and withdrawal of orders.
(b) Orders that can be matched are matched at a single price computed based on an algorithm set by SGX-ST. The computed price will be the closing price for the day.
(c) All unmatched orders lapse.
(5) This routine is designed to reduce the risk of manipulating closing prices with a single transaction at an unusually high or low price, just before the trading session ends.
3 Algorithm Used by SGX-ST to Compute the Single Price at Which Orders at the End of the Opening Routine, Closing Routine and Adjust Phase are Matched
3.1 The methodology for computing the single price is as follows:—
(1) A bid (offer) may be executed at a lower (higher) price.
(2) The cumulative bid (offer) volume at any price is the bid (offer) quantity at that price plus the sum of bid (offer) quantities at all higher (lower) prices.
(3) Sell (buy) pressure occurs when the cumulative offer (bid) volume is greater than the cumulative bid (offer) volume at a particular price. Zero pressure occurs when the cumulative offer volume is equal to the cumulative bid volume at a particular price.
(4) The tradable volume at any price is the lower of the cumulative bid or offer volume.
(5) The price overlap is the range of prices where tradable volumes are possible.
(6) The equilibrium is the price range within the price overlap where buy pressure changes to sell pressure (see Example 1). The computed price is either one of the following:—
(a) The price within the equilibrium that has the largest trade volume, or
(b) If there is no unique price, the average of all prices within the equilibrium with the maximum trade volume, or
(c) The average is rounded to the next multiple of the minimum price multiple for this security or Futures Contract in the direction of the last traded price, or
(d) If there is no last traded price, the average price is rounded to the next lower price multiple.
(7) If there is only buy or sell pressure within the price overlap (see Example 2), the computed price will be one of the following:—
(a) With only buy pressure within the price overlap, the highest price within the overlap with a non-zero trade volume, or
(b) With only sell pressure within the price overlap, the lowest price within the overlap with a non-zero trade volume.
(8) If there is zero buy and sell pressure within the price overlap (see Example 3), the computed price will be one of the following:—
(a) The simple average of the highest and the lowest price within the overlap of zero pressure, or
(b) If the price average is not the correct multiple, the average is rounded to the next multiple in the direction of the last traded price, or
(c) If there is no last traded price, the average price is rounded to the next lower price multiple.
(9) If the buy pressure and sell pressure are separated by a range of prices within the price overlap with zero pressure (see Example 4), the computed price will be one of the following:—
(a) The simple average of the highest and the lowest prices within the overlap of zero pressure, or
(b) If the price average is not the correct multiple, the average is rounded to the next multiple in the direction of the last traded price, or
(c) If there is no last traded price, the average price is rounded to the next lower price multiple.
3.2 The following examples demonstrate how the single price is determined. However, the examples shown are not exhaustive.
Example 1
In this example, trades are possible at prices between $10.30 and $10.70. However, the buy pressure changes to sell pressure from $10.50 to $10.60. Since the same number of trades can be executed at both prices, the computed price is either $10.50 or $10.60, depending on which price is closer to the last traded price.
Example 2
In this example, trades are possible at prices between $0.300 and $0.310. Buy pressure from $0.300 to $0.310. The computed price is $0.310, the highest price within the overlap with a non-zero trade volume.
Example 3
In this example, trades are possible at prices from $0.405 to $0.430, where there is neither a buy nor a sell pressure. The computed price would be $(0.405 + 0.430) / 2 = $0.4175; since this does not fall under the correct multiple, it will be rounded to the next multiple in the direction of the last traded price.
Example 4
In this example, trades are possible at prices from $0.400 to $0.430. The buy pressure is separated from the sell pressure by a range of prices without pressure, i.e. between $0.410 and $0.425. The computed price would be $(0.410 + 0.425) / 2 = $0.4175; since this does not fall under the correct multiple, it will be rounded to the next multiple in the direction of the last traded price.
Example 1
| Cumulative Bid Volume | Bid Qty | Price $ | Offer Qty | Cumulative Offer Volume | Buy/Sell Pressure | Tradable Volume |
| - | - | 10.80 | 22 | 101 | - | - |
| 2 | 2 | 10.70 | 41 | 79 | S | 2 |
| 18 | 16 | 10.60 | 20 | 38 | S | 18 |
| 40 | 22 | 10.50 | 14 | 18 | B | 18 |
| 78 | 38 | 10.40 | 2 | 4 | B | 4 |
| 167 | 89 | 10.30 | 2 | 2 | B | 2 |
| 267 | 100 | 10.20 | - | - | - | - |
In this example, trades are possible at prices between $10.30 and $10.70. However, the buy pressure changes to sell pressure from $10.50 to $10.60. Since the same number of trades can be executed at both prices, the computed price is either $10.50 or $10.60, depending on which price is closer to the last traded price.
Example 2
| Cumulative Bid Volume | Bid Qty | Price $ | Offer Qty | Cumulative Offer Volume | Buy/Sell Pressure | Tradable Volume |
| - | - | 0.345 | - | 5 | - | - |
| - | - | 0.320 | - | 5 | - | - |
| 16 | 16 | 0.310 | - | 5 | B | 5 |
| 16 | - | 0.305 | - | 5 | B | 5 |
| 16 | - | 0.300 | 5 | 5 | B | 5 |
| 16 | - | 0.255 | - | - | - | - |
| 26 | 10 | 0.250 | - | - | - | - |
In this example, trades are possible at prices between $0.300 and $0.310. Buy pressure from $0.300 to $0.310. The computed price is $0.310, the highest price within the overlap with a non-zero trade volume.
Example 3
| Cumulative Bid Volume | Bid Qty | Price $ | Offer Qty | Cumulative Offer Volume | Buy/Sell Pressure | Tradable Volume |
| - | - | 0.440 | 5,000 | 11,000 | - | - |
| - | - | 0.435 | 2,000 | 6,000 | - | - |
| 4,000 | 4,000 | 0.430 | - | 4,000 | - | 4,000 |
| 4,000 | - | 0.425 | - | 4,000 | - | 4,000 |
| 4,000 | - | 0.420 | - | 4,000 | - | 4,000 |
| 4,000 | - | 0.415 | - | 4,000 | - | 4,000 |
| 4,000 | - | 0.410 | - | 4,000 | - | 4,000 |
| 4,000 | - | 0.405 | 4,000 | 4,000 | - | 4,000 |
| 7,000 | 3,000 | 0.400 | - | - | - | - |
In this example, trades are possible at prices from $0.405 to $0.430, where there is neither a buy nor a sell pressure. The computed price would be $(0.405 + 0.430) / 2 = $0.4175; since this does not fall under the correct multiple, it will be rounded to the next multiple in the direction of the last traded price.
Example 4
| Cumulative Bid Volume | Bid Qty | Price $ | Offer Qty | Cumulative Offer Volume | Buy/Sell Pressure | Tradable Volume |
| - | - | 0.440 | 5,000 | 11,000 | - | - |
| - | - | 0.435 | 2,000 | 6,000 | - | - |
| 1,000 | 1,000 | 0.430 | - | 4,000 | S | 1,000 |
| 4,000 | 3,000 | 0.425 | - | 4,000 | - | 4,000 |
| 4,000 | - | 0.420 | - | 4,000 | - | 4,000 |
| 4,000 | - | 0.415 | - | 4,000 | - | 4,000 |
| 4,000 | - | 0.410 | - | 4,000 | - | 4,000 |
| 5,000 | 1,000 | 0.405 | 3,000 | 4,000 | B | 4,000 |
| 5,000 | - | 0.400 | 1,000 | 1,000 | B | 1,000 |
| 8,000 | 3,000 | 0.395 | - | - | - |
In this example, trades are possible at prices from $0.400 to $0.430. The buy pressure is separated from the sell pressure by a range of prices without pressure, i.e. between $0.410 and $0.425. The computed price would be $(0.410 + 0.425) / 2 = $0.4175; since this does not fall under the correct multiple, it will be rounded to the next multiple in the direction of the last traded price.